Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. M. Heinz, Migration und Assimilation im 2. 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). 421-436. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. 95 ff. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. . This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. However, Huber (1999-2000, p. 289b) doubts the mere three-year interval. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes Studies in Eastern History; Vol. W. Eilers, rev. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. But, dont take my word for all of that. Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. The Kassites were very active at Ur. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. 58, no. Books 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. Updates? The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. Abraham, K. (2013). Unlike conquerors who preceded them, the Kassites do not seem to have been considered a foreign and intrusive element by the Babylonians in the post-Kassite period and later. 112 f.). Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Idem, Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C., Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7, Philadelphia, 1984. 287-90. 271-81. Mesopotamian History and 38, no. Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. The third people group is thought be Israel. Most of the documentation (ca. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. Buried History, 51, 57-60. the Babylonian Tradition in the Second Millennium B.C. In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Saarbrcken: Saarlndische Druckerei und Verlag, Sternitzke, Katja. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. Volume 1 Kardunia. Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. Ashkelon has been overcome; [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". 2, pp. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. 76, no. A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. 106, no. The Assyrians were great warriors. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? However, tribal organization was not strange to the Babylonian society itself also in the Middle Babylonian period (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Volume 1 Kardunia. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. J. 685685, Malko, Helen. 147, Lambert, W. G. The Warwick Kudurru. Syria, vol. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . 279-84. 247 ff., 258 f.). 2. 73, No. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. 417 f.). However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Where did the Kassite people originally come from? During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. Charpin, 1995). kassites in the bible. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. 1-48. A. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. The fall of the First Sealand dynasty in 1460 BC created a power vacuum which the Kassites filled. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. 135-38. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. Volume 2 Kardunia. Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. A.. "The Names of the Last Eight Kings of the Kassite Dynasty" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. How Long In Prison? Paper, 1956, p. 252). THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Clayden, Tim. 257 ff. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. We care about our planet! diss., Columbia University, 2002. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. It does not store any personal data. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). 925, Yaln, Serdar. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . v. The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region.
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