Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. See below. View all Google Scholar citations In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction | Language Dispersal 18091. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Oliver and Mathew, op. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Summary. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. for this article. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Press J to jump to the feed. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. The story begins with a popular African tale. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. . In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. and Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Did the Bantu mainly kill of the existing populations during - Quora The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations - PubMed How do you study history? Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. False and dangerous equivalency. These are huge areas. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
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