Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Elizabeth I and Spain - History Learning Site Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Become a Member | Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Problems faced by Elizabeth I in 1558 - YouTube Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Henry himself gave people cause . The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. - navy to firth of Forth. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Tudor Brief Essay Plans Flashcards | Quizlet There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Norfolk was killed in 1572. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. . He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley | English statesman The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Write a paragraph or two. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Company Reg no: 04489574. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. West Yorkshire, 14-16 / Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. VAT reg no 816865400. Boston House, The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Queen Elizabeth I: The Controversies and the - Ancient Origins Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The invasion failed, however. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Company Reg no: 04489574. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. It had to deal with Irish . The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. 2. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. 214 High Street, One was debt. 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Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. - death of henry II. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Life of Catholics in Elizabethan era | Laws against Catholics However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Roman Catholics . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. This meant atholics did not think . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. She was a Protestant. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. How successful was Elizabeth I in dealing with foreign policy - StudyMode The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. West Yorkshire, GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. PDF Mark Scheme (Stage 8 Sign Off) November 2020 The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America.
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